Numbers Of Dead 'Do Not Add Up'
A 2013 Human Rights Watch report estimates that 70,000 migrant workers were involved in constructing the Sochi Games. Many suffered long hours, unpaid wages, and overcrowded accommodation. Some saw their passports confiscated by employers.
The true number of the working dead at the site is not known. But there is a disparity between the official figures and those of the workers' country of residence.
Earlier this year, Theblacksea.eu contacted Moldovan authorities requesting death certificates issued from Sochi.
The Interior Ministry collects data from families applying for state funds for burial costs. These records show that 33 Moldovans died in Sochi since 2009 and 19 between 2012 and 2013.
Nearly 18,000 Uzbeks have died on Russian construction sites since 2010.
The Russian Labor Inspectorate, responsible for counting the dead, told reporters that 26 workers died in Sochi in 2012-13.
Most migrant workers came from Central Asia, with a minority from Moldova. So the likelihood that over three-quarters of the deaths were Moldovan alone is slim.
In a statement to reporters, the Labor Inspectorate claimed that "the safety of workers was ensured" in Sochi and that worker fatalities at the Games site were "four times less than the average" for Russia's construction industry as a whole.
By contrast, Britain suffered no worker fatalities during the construction of the 2012 Olympic Games. Vancouver had one death in the run-up to the 2010 Winter Olympics. China claims 10 workers died while constructing the Beijing Games in 2010.
But former Olympic workers tell Theblacksea.eu that deaths were an everyday routine -- and that numbers reached into the hundreds. Suffering the brunt of these was the Uzbek community.
Slave Class
Landlocked authoritarian republic Uzbekistan now provides so many migrant workers to Russia that, in the Russian language, the term "Uzbek" often describes anyone from the ex-Soviet states of Central Asia.
The Russian Federal Migration Service stated on December 4 that Russia has 2.15 million Uzbeks officially registered there. The real number once the illegal migrants are counted is significantly higher.
Many leave to escape appalling human rights abuses and forced labor in the cotton fields. Once in Russia they often find poor living conditions, xenophobia, and illegal work in the country's $150 billion per year construction sector.
When the time came for construction in Sochi to begin, Russia exploited this new Uzbek class as useful human capital. The plight of this illegal labor force echoes that of the Nepalese migrants in Qatar, where hundreds have died building for the 2022 World Cup.
Jailed For Revealing Number Of Uzbek Dead
Mahsud Abdujabbarov has just spent two months in a prison cell in Tashkent, the Uzbek capital. In August, Russian authorities expelled him from the country. When he arrived in Uzbekistan later that day, the secret police snatched him at the airport .
His crime? As head of the Interregional Center for Education of Migrants in Moscow he fought for the legal rights of migrant workers. He had recently published details of ongoing research into the deaths of Uzbeks in Russia.
His work, conducted with two Russian colleagues, claims that 48,500 Uzbeks died in Russia in the past four years. These numbers come from the Emergency Situations Ministry of Russia, the Interior Ministry, local hospitals, and airports shipping coffins to Uzbekistan.
Some of the deaths, he says, are from natural causes, such as heart failure, but also include accidents and racist murders. Forty-two percent of the dead, nearly 18,000, died on Russian construction sites.
Abdujabbarov tells Theblacksea.eu that at least 120 Uzbeks were killed during the construction of Olympic facilities. "There is a mixture of reasons for workers' deaths," he says, "but the main culprits are employers. Dangerous work was conducted by people without professional education and without proper control.
"Another problem was that people had to work without any rest," he adds, "sometimes without even sleeping.... Some workers died due to lack of concentration because they were exhausted."
Since his release from prison last month, Abdujabbarov has fled Uzbekistan and is in hiding, unable to return to Russia or to his wife.
Olympic Construction Firm: 'Millions' Paid In Bribes
Migrants' rights also struggled under the climate of corruption infecting the games. With a $50 billion price tag, the global sporting event suffered widespread accusations of graft in how the state organized the construction contracts.
The Russian state firm overseeing the Games, Olympstroi, saw its employees investigated for embezzlement in 2012, but so far there are no formal charges.
In 2010, Russian officials also opened a probe into Vladimir Leschevsky, former government official in the Department of Presidential Affairs supervising construction contracts, for accepting bribes.
Valery Morozov, former head of the Russian construction company Moskonversprom, now living exile in Britain, tells Theblacksea.eu that he personally paid millions in black money to Leschevsky.
The official, he says, would then pressure him to subcontract work to a group of ex-Yugoslav companies. One of these companies was Putevi Udice, based in Serbia, owned by businessman Basil Micic.
Putevi received hundreds of millions of dollars in contracts to build or reconstruct sites in Sochi, including the city's airport, and the Hotel Kamelia, a luxury five-star resort. Despite the huge money flows, several employees and NGOs accused Putevi of failing to pay wages.
One Moldovan worker, Misha, worked illegally in Sochi for Putevi from 2012 to 2014. He tells Theblacksea.eu that he knew of at least seven workers who died working for Putevi alone. "Three of them were from Uzbekistan," he says, "and Putevi paid to cover them up."
Putevi did not respond to journalists' questions.
Charges against Leschevsky were eventually dropped, and the government discreetly moved him to a different department. Morozov claims that the video evidence against Leschevsky is "lost." It was, he alleges, more likely used by the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) to bribe the official.
Talk of dead Uzbeks was rife in Sochi, according to workers there. Misha and another source told Theblacksea.eu of a rumored shallow grave containing half a dozen bodies in Rosa Khutor, where the Olympic skiing events took place.